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2011 November Issue
Full Table of Contents
Oxygen Steelmaking Technologies |
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About the Cover
ThyssenKrupp CSA, a modern and integrated steel mill, is located in Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The joint venture between ThyssenKrupp AG and Vale, inaugurated in June 2010, is an investment of 5.2 billion and is expected to produce 5 million tons of high-quality slabs. The entire production is exported to ThyssenKrupp's units in the United States and Germany. ThyssenKrupp CSA is a landmark in the reindustrialization of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. More than 30,000 workers participated in the construction of the steel mill complex, one of the biggest mobilizations of labor ever seen in the history of Brazil.
Photo courtesy of ThyssenKrupp CSA.
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Technical Features Table of Contents
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| 37 |
Wireless Technology: A Revolution in Temperature, Oxygen and Carbon Measurements in Molten Metal
David G. Janu (left), senior software engineer, Robert R. Rote (center), vice president — technology, and Thomas W. Junker (right), director — engineering, MINCO — Midwest Instrument Co. Inc., Hartland, Wis., USA (djanu@minco.net, rrote@minco.net, tjunker@minco.net)
Wireless technology has been implemented into steel mills for the use of sensor probes in molten steel. The system eliminates the conventional wires that transmit signals and has yielded improved safety, reduced costs, increased reliability and increased accuracy. |
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| 46 |
Use of Hot Metal With High Phosphorous Content in Combined Blowing BOF Converters
Rainer Hüsken (left), vice president — steelmaking technologies, Küttner GmbH & Co. KG, Essen, Germany (r.huesken@kuettner.de); Robert Fechner (center), president, Küttner LLC, Port Washington, Wis., USA (r.fechner@kuttnerNA.com); and Jürgen Cappel (right), Cappel Stahl Consulting, Meerbusch, Germany (juergen.cappel@cappel-consult.com)
Many steelmakers are faced with very high [%P] contents in the hot metal coming from blast furnaces. Combined blowing technology is based on top-blown oxygen and inert gas injection through the converter bottom using a jet-stream with supersonic velocity. This paper presents a summary of two decades’ experience with combined blowing technology. |
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Inclusion Characterization of Titanium-Stabilized Ultralow-Carbon Steels – Impact of Oxygen Activity at Deoxidation
C. Lyons (left), graduate research assistant, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas, USA (Colleen.Lyons1@gmail.com), and P. Kaushik (right), senior research engineer — steelmaking, ArcelorMittal Global Research and Development, East Chicago, Ind., USA (pallava.kaushik@arcelormittal.com)
After analyzing liquid steel samples using automated SEM and remelt button techniques, it was concluded that higher oxygen levels before killing do not necessarily correlate to an increase in inclusion content of heats. This work analyzes the effect of oxygen activity and temperature correction on inclusion population and steel cleanliness. |
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Carbon Prediction Model Using the Offgas Analysis at ArcelorMittal Indiana Harbor No. 2 Steel Producing BOF Shop With No Bottom Blowing and Suppressed Hood Combustion System
Rajat Bathla, senior engineer — process modeling group, steelmaking operating technology, ArcelorMittal USA, East Chicago, Ind., USA (rajat.bathla@arcelormittal.com)
Steel shops can utilize information obtained from gas analyzers and BOF process data to model the bath carbon content at turndown. This paper shares the development of a carbon prediction model for BOFs with no bottom blowing/bottom stirring capability as well as the challenges and limitations of this model. |
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Image-Based Endpoint Carbon Prediction for a Basic Oxygen Furnace
Marlene Cardin, project manager; John F. MacGregor, president and CEO; Ivan P. Miletic, manager — on-line systems; and Mark-John Bruwer, vice president and chief technology officer, ProSensus Inc., Ancaster, Ont., Canada (ivan.miletic@prosensus.ca)
Accurate on-line prediction of endpoint carbon requires dynamic data taken on key variables during the heat, not just static measurements at charge time. For this paper, a prototype soft-sensor for endpoint carbon prediction was developed through the use of multivariate image analysis methods. |
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An Analysis of Circulation and Mixing Phenomena in Gas-Stirred Ladles
K. Krishnapisharody (left), research associate, and G.A. Irons (right), professor, Steel Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (krishnk@mcmaster.ca, ironsga@mcmaster.ca)
This paper concerns the hydrodynamics of submerged gas injection into steel ladles. A previous theoretical work on the similarity analysis in gas-liquid plumes is extended to provide a unified approach to characterize the flow phenomena in ladles. |
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Real Flows in Continuous Casting Molds
Pierre H. Dauby, Danieli Rotelec, Paris, France (pdauby@steel-acero.com)
In this paper, the author reflects on 30-plus years of observations of operations on thick-slab continuous casting machines, in pilot plants, and on water models. He also discusses PIV, MFC, NB and paddle measurements; steel defect analyses, fluid-flow simulations and magneto-hydrodynamics calculations. The progressive recognition of the existence of single-roll flow next to the traditional double-roll flow is discussed. It culminates with the disturbing discovery that an unstable flow can establish itself naturally, untraceable on quality control heat sheets, for unfortunate combinations of casting speed, slab width, argon flowrate and SEN design/immersion depth. Other findings of the author include: (1) the paramount impact of casting speed, not of throughput, on mold flow pattern; (2) the possibility to combine into a single concept the individual effect of the above five casting parameters as they relate to steelmaking defects and EMS applications; (3) the suggestion of monitoring molten slag layer thickness as an indicator of defect-free flow conditions; and (4) the unpleasant feeling that the caster community missed several opportunities in the past to interpret what they were observing, as the key to knowledge advancement is “to connect the dots.” |
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